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Introduction One of the most fascinating aspects of words is that they all have a past. Some words in English, for example, can be shown to have been in place for more than 5000 years (P. Baldi, 1999). Ordinarily we pay little attention to the words we articulate; we concentrate instead on the meaning we intend to express and we are seldom conscious of how we express that meaning. Only if we make a mistake and we have to correct it or we have difficulty remembering a word we become conscious of our word. This means that most of us do not know where the word we use come from and how they come to have the meaning they do. English words come from several different sources. They developed naturally over the course of centuries from ancestral languages, they are also borrowed from other languages and we create many of them by various means of word vocabulary available to us today. History and morphology of the word Mother The idea of the mother goddess was invented in early ice age, some 25,000-30,000 years ago. She and her life giving breasts were called omma from which we have the words akin to maternal, matter, and mother. By the late ice age the Semites had shortened omma to om. The Dravidians of India are Semites who migrated to India after the ice age. They still call mother goddess omm. Om is also the present day Arabic word for female and mother. Omma became ma among the Iranians, meaning the female breast. From ma we have the Iranian maman. Also, we have the Iranian ma-Dar (earlier ma-tar) meaning breast which became mater in Latin, modor in Old English (725), madre in modern Italian, and mother in modern English (1425), (R.K.Barnhant, 2000). Collocation There are several words that fit together with the word mother.  Mother Country  Mother Nature  Mother Figure  Mother Tongue  Mother Board Connotation The word mother has a positive connotation as it describes maternal tenderness and affection although in American English mother could also mean motherfucker which carry a negative and vulgar meaning (Chambers, 1994). Semantic field relation The following are some semantic field relations to the word mother.  Father  Son  Daughter Semantic usage   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  REGISTER Mother  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Very Formal British English Mum  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Informal British English Mummy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Informal British English mainly used by children Mom  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Informal American English Mommy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Informal American English mainly used by children Ma  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Informal expression American and British English working class (often used with any much older woman)

Book Review of Not So Quiet Essay

The role of women during the First World War or even the Second World War has never been fully recognized as that of men. There are only a few literary and academic pieces which depict the roles that they played and their significance to it. In this regard, children who are tasked to read history books get the notion that women did nothing significant during the war. However, in reality, there are many women who played important roles during the war, their effort were just left unrecognized by historians. Women, just like men also participated in the war and exerted tremendous effort just to get through it. Many of them also served in the battle grounds fighting for their country and helping their countrymen who are risking their lives just to raise the flags of their country and protect their interests. The book Not So Quiet by Helen Zenna Smith mirrors one of the significant roles that women played during the First World War. The story is a funny and lively story of a group of women who served as ambulance drivers for the British army. They had the privilege of bringing the wounded soldiers from the freezing cold of the war zone. These women were sent by their parents to serve in the army in order to signify their patriotism for the British crown. Their parents are very proud of their children who are in the army. However, they just don’t know the pain and hardships that they are going through just to be considered as patriots. These women were under the tutelage of their Commandant, who they named as â€Å"Mrs. Bitch†. As the name itself signifies, Mrs. Bitch is not a very good Commandant in the eyes of the girls. She is very watchful and strict. She wants the girls to be always on the go while the girls at times would want to rest from their heavy work. For instance, they want to take a decent bath but they cannot because they do not have the sufficient facilities that would allow them to and even of they had, Mrs. Bitch would not allow them. Moreover, Mrs. Bitch was very cruel that she would take every pain they complain of as â€Å"mere feminine affectation†. Tosh, one of the female ambulance drivers, decided to cut her hair short because her hair is starting to be a house of lice. This act was frowned by many of her colleagues since she looks like a boy. To them, the hair reflects a lot about feminity. It is a crowning glory of every women and thus should be preserved as much as possible. However, for Tosh, the hair is not much of a big deal especially if she cannot have the resources in order to care to it. Although Smithy is serving hard in the war, she does not see the point of going to war and shedding tons of blood. Unlike those people who are so engrossed to becoming a patriot, she holds the view that wars are pointless and useless. It is a gruesome manner of taking away limb parts from a human being and ending many innocent lives. Everyday, she takes the bodies of men screaming from pain. They are full of blood and some parts of their bodies are even missing. She somehow empathizes with their cause but she cannot do anything but to bring them to where medical services are available. In addition, wars also put women like her on the line 24 hours a day, seven days a week just to serve the needs of her countrymen, regardless if they are sick. â€Å"Ambulance drivers have no fixed hours. They can be called out any one of the twenty four,† Helen said. The total war changed Helen’s life in so many ways than one. First she was exposed to the realities of life. Living in their home with her parents and siblings, she had not idea how the war zone is like and what patriotism is all about. The war zone is not a place for those who are weak and afraid. It is a place for strong and determined individuals. In addition, the war zone is a not place for those who do not have regard for patriotism. Although not a self-acclaimed patriot, she has done much for her country to consider her one. She has to work in field even if she is sick or had not even experienced a complete rest. Moreover, her work requires her to adequately take care of the sick and injured soldiers while they are not yet being attended to by medical practitioners. Ambulance drivers are not simply drivers. They also need to take extra care in dealing with the needs of the people the transport. â€Å"We have no fixed rest times after driving all night, and consider ourselves lucky to get consecutive hours’ sleep†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"We are supposed to have an afternoon off weekly†¦I never had mine once,† Helen claimed. There was even an instance wherein she is sick but had to spend only a few hours of rest as this is the Commandant asked her to. Another change that Smithy had to deal with is to eat the food served on the table. In the comfort of her own home, she has a caring mother to take care of her meals. She eats palatable and satiable food. However, her service in the war forced her to eat whatever the cook serves them, the taste be it good or bad. Eating as a matter of fact has become a joy for the drivers as they do not eat anything if they are on the road. â€Å"Any driver out on duty during mealtimes simply misses the meal,† Helen said. Moreover, Smithy was raised to become prim and proper. She was educated with the proper ways of speaking and acting in front of many people. She was raised well, however, in the war zone, she had to be accustomed to the brutal manner of speaking and dealing with other people. It is a man’s world and she needs to let go of her desire for sophistication just to survive and be the hero that her parents expect from her. She can only whine about the changes that she is facing. â€Å"My conversation daily is growing less refined,† Smithy said. Having a woman in the war zone is entirely difficult. There are many adjustments that the woman needs to face just to survive the war. The first thing that she should get accustomed with is the fact that she does not have the luxury of time to pamper and beautify herself. In the case of Smithy, they are ambulance drivers who are always on the go. They can be called anytime thus, they cannot get their hairs done or apply make up on before they leave otherwise, their patients will die. In addition, they also do not have the option to have a decent bath or to care for themselves. They have to satisfy themselves with whatever is available. â€Å"We have not had our garments off for nine days†¦,† Smithy claimed. Compared to men, women are very conscious of their looks, the clothes that they wear and the appearance that they exude to the public, however, Smithy and her co-ambulance drivers had no room for any of these feminine routines. They need to suffer in the itchiness of their heads and bodies. â€Å"We have been itching furiously for days past,† Smithy uttered. Aside from their looks, women who are serving in war zone also need to get accustomed with a light diet while working the tasks of a man. They had to content themselves whatever is available be they stale biscuits or the bad food in the canteen. As Smithy said, â€Å"we are always hungry in varying degrees†. Another difficulty that they faced but encountered is dealing with bloody screaming men. At first they had difficulty completing their tasks but as they went along, they got used to dying men inside the carts of their ambulance. The women in the story may have faced difficulty in completing their task as ambulance drivers but they managed to pull it off. While being a woman gave them several difficulties in dealing with their job, they did not use these in order to back off and leave their dying countrymen in the war zone. These women only show that men and women are just as capable in doing anything for their country. These women survived in a man’s world and became instrumental in saving the lives of their soldiers. In this regard, women should never be forgotten in history books. They should be seen in equal light as men are for they too have their own contribution to the liberty that many nations now enjoy. Reference: Smith, H. and Marcus, J. (1989). Not so quiet: stepdaughters of war. New York: Feminist Press

Writing News New Mural Dedicated to Garcia Lorca Appeared in Bushwick

It is generally thought that street art and classic culture are incompatible. There are, however, people who are always happy to laugh in the face of these and many other incompatibilities. Some of them live in Bushwick, Brooklyn. Recently they painted a huge portrait of Federico Garcia Lorca on a pharmacy’s wall, along with his poem Sleepless City (Brooklyn Bridge Nocturne). The choice isn’t random it isn’t very common knowledge, but there are a lot of things that tie Brooklyn and the famous Spanish poet together. He lived in New York in 1929-1930, and mentioned Brooklyn in his works much more than once. There is even an annual event dedicated to the poet, called Lorca’s Route in New York. The news of the new mural appearing on a pharmacy wall was met with mixed feelings by Bushwick’s residents and passers-by. Some are confused by the text of the poem (even the creators of the mural, Jane Weissman and Camille Perrorret, admit that they themselves are not exactly sure what does it mean, the poem being highly symbolic and metaphorical), some are pleased, some wish there were some socially important message instead of it. But mostly they are ready to celebrate the fact that a world-famous poet stayed here and considered this place to be worthy of his talent. Both the creators of the mural and other people who are simply fond of Lorca’s poetry agree that the writer’s sojourn in New York influenced his life and literary work to a great extent, however short time it may seem when compared with the rest of his life. He was there at a critical point of American history and saw it all: the Wall Street crash, the Great Depression, the way they influenced the everyday life of people, both rich and poor. It certainly left its trace in his heart. It changed Lorca, even to the extent of altering his style – he ceased using his accustomed Spanish verse and adopted some peculiar internal rhyme. This mural is, in fact, the fourth one of the series, which Weissman and Perrorret have been working on for the last two years, so its appearance didn’t come exactly as very surprising news to the residents. The artists say that they are already pretty much used to witnessing the entire range of emotions and reactions expressed by people when they first see their work. It is hard to say right now whether the fourth mural will be their last work dedicated to the Spanish poet, but it certainly did what it was supposed to do – it stirred up the popular attention and interest towards this personality.

How to Tell Your Parents Youre Failing a College Class

Although there are things you can do if youre failing a college class—or even if youve already failed it—breaking the news to your parents is an entirely different problem. Chances are, your parents are going to want to see your grades from time to time (translation: every semester), especially if theyre paying for your tuition. Consequently, bringing home a nice fat F probably wasnt on your list of things to do this semester. Given that no one is going to be happy about the situation, the best approach can be a basic one: Be honest, be positive, and be sincere. Tell Your Parents the Truth About Your Grades Be honest about the grade. What is it? A D? An F? Its better to only have this conversation once. Mom, Im going to be getting an F in Organic Chemistry is way better than Mom, I think Im not doing so well in Organic Chemistry followed a few minutes later by Well, Ive failed most of the exams followed by Yeah, Im pretty sure Im getting an F but Im not totally sure—yet. At this point in your life, you undoubtedly know that parents deal better with getting bad news that can improve later than getting kinda bad news that gets worse later. So just be honest about your grade. What is it? What part of the equation is your fault (not studying enough, spending too much time socializing, etc.)? Own up to the situation and the responsibility. Honesty may be a bit uncomfortable, but it is undoubtedly the best policy in situations like this. Tell Your Parents How You Plan to Move Forward Present the situation as real—but also as a growth and learning opportunity for you. Okay, so you failed a class. What did you learn? That you need to manage your time better? That you spent too much time just hanging out with people? That you need to take fewer units? That you need to be less involved with clubs? That you need to cut back on your work hours? Let your parents know what youre going to do differently next semester so that this wont happen again. (Because really, who wants to have this conversation again?!) Mom, I failed Organic Chemistry. Looking back, I think its because I didnt spend enough time in the lab/didnt balance my time well/was too distracted by all the fun things going on on campus, so next semester Im planning on joining a study group/using a better time management system/cutting down on my co-curricular involvement. Additionally, let your parents know what your options are in as positive a light as possible. They most likely will want to know, What does this mean? Are you on academic probation? Able to keep up with your other courses? Not able to stay in your major? Be prepared for how you can move forward. Let your parents know what your academic situation is. Talk to your adviser about what your options are. Mom, I failed Organic Chemistry, but I talked to my adviser since I knew I was struggling. Our plan is to have me try it one more time next semester  when its offered, but this time Ill join a study group and go to the tutoring center at least once a week. Be Sincere About Your Next Steps You may think youre a pretty good liar, but parents can smell dishonesty from a mile away. You know it, and they know. So be sincere about what youre saying to them. Did you just goof up and learn a lesson about how important it is to go to class? Then tell them that instead of trying to blame it on a bad professor or lab partner. Also, be sincere about where youre going from here. If you dont know, thats okay, too—as long as youre exploring your options. Conversely, be sincere when you listen to what they have to say. They arent likely to be happy about your failed class, but they probably have your best interest at heart.

What are the Political Axes - 565 Words

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The Left-Right axis Taking on the economic approach Right and Left one can distinguish major debates and differences that distinguish people categorizing them along the line of those two extremes which divides power to individual or all power to the State. It is reasonable to say that the Left is defined in desire for an economy to be run and manipulated by solely the state. It is believed that it is the State’s responsibility to ensure welfare for people through planning and implementing, a trade-unionist and communist would be considered Left ideology where all are equal. Left is understood to also believe in social equality and support for those inShow MoreRelated Last of the Mohicans Essay1144 Words   |  5 Pageswould rush in with axes and knives, then fall back. This strategy would allow just a few Indians to take out a relatively large number of English. 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Legal Forms of Business in Sri Lanka Free Essays

Introduction A business also called a company, enterprise or firm is a legally recognized organization, designed to provide goods and services to consumers. According to the purpose of the business, ownership of the business and nature of economic contribution of the business; the business can fall into one of the three standard sectors. There are; private sector, public sector and nonprofit sector. We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Forms of Business in Sri Lanka or any similar topic only for you Order Now The part of the economy concerned with providing basic government services is called public sector. In most countries the public sector includes such services as the military, public transit, primary education and healthcare. Their aim is to give service to the people and less emphasis is made on profit making. Public cooperation is the widely known type of public sector business entity. The non-profit sector is derived with organizations that do not distribute their surplus funds to owners or shareholders, but instead use them to help pursue their goals. Examples include charitable organizations, trade unions, and public arts organizations. In private sector, businesses are financed and controlled by individuals or private institutions, such as companies, stockholders, or investment groups. These businesses run for private profit and they are not controlled by the state or the government. There are many types of business entities defined in the private sector and authorized by the legal systems of various countries. These legal forms of business include; †¢ Sole Proprietorship †¢ Partnership (General Partnership, Limited Partnership and Joint Venture) †¢ Corporation (C Corporation and S Corporation) †¢ Limited Liability Company (Private and Public) These legal forms have been derived according to their Source of the capital, Value of capital investment, Nature of ownership, Number of owners, Nature of liability and many other factors. Each legal form has its own advantages as well as disadvantages. When making a decision about the type of business to form, there are several criteria you need to evaluate based on advantages and disadvantages of above mentioned legal forms. The most important fact is cost of formation of the business and cost of ongoing administration. This includes cost of record-keeping and paperwork, as well as the costs associated with administrative requirements. Legal liability is the next thing to be considered and it defines to what extent the owner need to be insulated from legal liability. Based on the individual situation and goals of the business owner, he has to consider what the available tax implications are because it is also an important factor. Finally the owner has to think about the future needs and whether the legal forms support flexibility feature. Sri Lanka Company Act, No. 7 of 2007 and Company Act, No. 17 of 1982 have defined Sri Lanka legal forms of organizations, which can be the choices for Sri Lankan business community when forming a new business. Legal Forms of business in Sri Lanka include; †¢ Sole Proprietorship †¢ Limited Liability Company (Private and Public) †¢ General Partnership Sole Proprietorship A sole proprietorship also known as a sole trader is a type of business entity which is owned and run by one individual and where there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business. Sole proprietorships are forms of business ownership that mingle the owner’s rights, liabilities and responsibilities with the business’ rights, liabilities and responsibilities. Regardless of the state of the business, the procedures we need to follow to form a sole proprietorship are fairly simple, and do not even require an attorney, accountant, or business consultant. There are no legal requirements for establishing a sole proprietorship, other than obtaining the necessary local business license and permit. As the sole proprietor, owner has the full control and responsibility for the business and its operation and he makes all the decisions. With this type of business entity, owner has complete freedom over operating the business, because he is responsible for all transactions and activities occur in the business. All assets of the business are owned by the owner and all profits and all losses accrue to him. He is personally responsible for all debts of the business and must pay them from his personal resources. This means that the owner has unlimited personal liability for the business. Also, owner is less burdened by government restrictions and control, and he has less to do in terms of reporting and taxes. The main advantage of a sole proprietorship is that they are easy to start up and to close. The reason is, they are less expensive and also subject to fewer regulations compared to other types of businesses. Since the owner has full autonomy with regard to business decisions, sole proprietorship businesses are easy and inexpensive to discontinue. The second advantage is that the owner can take all the profits of the business and there is no profit sharing. This may be the most significant motivation for most businesses to become sole proprietorship type. At the same time, all losses accrue to the owner and he does not have the tension regarding conflicts among the partners as there are no partners. In sole proprietorship business type, the owner of the organization pays self employment taxes on the profits made. It makes tax filing much simpler and hence this can be considered as another advantage for sole proprietorship business type. Since this is not a corporation; it does not pay corporate taxes. The remarkable disadvantage of the sole proprietorship is that the sole trader will likely have a hard time with raising capital since he has to make up for all the business’s funds. He may have to use his own money or personal loan for the business. The next disadvantage is; the owner of the business has unlimited liability as he is responsible for the business’s debts. As the business grows, the risks accompanying the business also tend to grow, and if the business is sued, owner and his personal assets are at risk. Sole proprietorship business type is very prominent in Sri Lanka, may be because form of the business is very straightforward. As a third world country with low rate of individual income, starting up a business with low capital is a very convenient factor for any Sri Lankan business person who is thinking of having an own business. There several home based business running in Sri Lanka such as; groceries, stationary shops, pharmacies, fashion stores and they can be categorized as sole proprietorship business, because they are owned by single person. Freelance writers, copy editors, photographers and craftspeople also have chosen to run their businesses as a sole proprietorship. Sri Lankan government has identified the importance of sole proprietorship businesses, in terms of their contribution to the country’s development. So the government is encouraging this business community, to develop their businesses, by providing necessary financial aids, resources, equipment and guidance. Since Sri Lana is based on an agricultural economy, we can encourage more farmers to form their own sole proprietorship businesses to sell their goods, and this will reduce the terrible effects occurring from the intermediate business people. If farmers can sell their goods directly to consumers, they may be able to get full profit and it will encourage them to develop their business. This will ultimately lead to a high development in Sri Lanka’s economy as well as society. Limited liability Companies (LLC) A Limited Liability Company (LLC) is a type of business organization that combines some aspects of a corporation with those of a sole proprietorship or partnership. The primary characteristic a LLC shares with a corporation is limited liability; that is personal liability of company’s members for the business’s debts is limited. The primary characteristic LLC share with a partnership is the availability of pass-through income taxation; that is LLC is not taxed as a separate entity. Forming a LLC may not be as simple as a sole-proprietorship; however, the process is much less than a corporation. There are two main actions: †¢ Articles of Organization: Have to file articles of organization with the secretary of province and pay the required fees. Articles may be prepared by a lawyer. An LLC business entity may be file as a corporation, partnership or sole proprietorship in terms of tax return. †¢ Operating Agreement: Have to develop an operating agreement which helps to define the company profit sharing, ownership, responsibilities, and ownership changes An LLC may have one or more owners, and may have different classes of owners. If the LLC has a single member, it will be disregarded as separate from its owner, and will be treated as a sole proprietorship or a division of its owner, unless it elects to be taxable as a corporation. An LLC that is filed for taxation as a partnership can achieve both conduit tax treatment and limited liability protection under civil law and a LLC filed for taxation as a partnership does not have the ownership restrictions. An LLC is typically managed by its members, unless the members agree to have a manager handle the LLC’s business affairs. LLCs do not issue stock and are not required to hold annual meetings or keep written minutes. Generally, members of an LLC that are taxed as a partnership may agree to share the profits and losses in any manner. Members of an LLC receive profits and losses in the same manner as shareholders of a corporation. In general, all the owners and members are shielded from individual liability for debts and obligations of the LLC. The main advantage of LLC is that owners of the LLC have the liability protection of a corporation because it exists as a separate entity much like a corporation. Also members do not hold personally liable for debts unless they have signed a personal guarantee, and this is a great relief for all the members. LLC can select varying forms of distribution of profits, unlike a common partnership where the split is 50-50. Hence flexible profit distribution is another advantage of LLC. The LLC business structure requires no corporate minutes or resolutions and is easier to operate. This can be pointed out as the next advantage of LLC. All the LLC business losses, profits, and expenses flow through the company to the individual members. So, it avoids the double taxation of paying corporate tax and individual tax. Generally, this flow through taxation will be a tax advantage. The most significant disadvantage of LLC is the limited life time of business. A LLC is dissolved when a member dies or undergoes bankruptcy whereas corporations can live forever. Business owners with plans to take their company public, or issuing employee shares in the future, may be not best served by choosing a LLC business structure, because going public is bit complicated with LLC. So this can be again a vital disadvantage of LLC structure. Running a sole-proprietorship or partnership will have less paperwork and complexity compared to LLC. So this added complexity also can be pointed out as a disadvantage of LLC structure. There are two major types of companies operating with limited liability status in Sri Lanka. ? Private Limited Companies ? Public Limited Companies Private Limited Companies A Private Limited Company, theoretically also refer to a private company limited by guarantee, is a type of company incorporated under the laws of England in certain Commonwealth countries. Private limited companies are required to have the suffix â€Å"Limited† (often written â€Å"Ltd† or â€Å"Ltd. â€Å") or â€Å"Incorporated† (â€Å"Inc. â€Å") as part of their name. It has shareholders, but its shares may not be offered to the general public. This means that shares are usually sold to family, friends and business contacts. The liability of the shareholders to creditors of the company is limited to the capital originally invested; that is to the nominal value of the shares and any premium paid in return for the issue of the shares by the company. A shareholder’s personal assets are thereby protected in the event of the company’s insolvency, but money invested in the company will be lost. Most companies, particularly small companies, are private limited companies. One of the main advantages of Private Limited Company is, they are easy to set up because; the shares are sold among family, friends and business contacts. Limited liability is another advantage of a Private Limited Company. The shareholder’s liability is limited to the value of the shares held by them. If things go wrong for the business, personal assets of a shareholder cannot be used to pay off the debts. Since boards of directors are usually the main share holders, the ownership and the control are closely connected. Therefore decisions can be taken more quickly and this can be pointed out as another advantage. A Private Limited Company has a separate legal existence. This means that properties will be owned by the company itself and all contracts would be signed on its behalf. The directors and secretary can only act as agents. Therefore the company is not dissolved on the resignation, bankruptcy or death of a director which is a vital advantage of Private Limited Company. The company can be dissolved only by winding up, liquidation or order of the Registrar of Companies or by the Court. When we think about advantages, tax benefits of Private Limited Company are also can be considered. The directors of the company are required to pay income tax but the company pays corporation tax on company profits which is one rate of tax only and averages out at much less than if income tax were paid on the profits. Though Private Limited Company has many advantages, there are some disadvantages which often deter small- and medium-sized business owners from setting up private limited companies. Many Private Limited Companies are very profitable. Unfortunately, these profits can become diluted because they must be evenly distributed among all shareholders, and many Private Limited Companies have up to 50 shareholders. So this becomes the major disadvantage of Private Limited Company. The next point that can be a vital disadvantage is shareholders in a Private Limited Company are not able to sell or transfer their shares to the general public. The 50 or so shareholders that comprise a Private Limited Company must keep their shares and cannot trade them on any stock exchange. A Private Limited Company can be quite complex to create, meaning that lawyers and accountants almost always need to be involved in the Private Limited Company from the start. This can be costly and hence a disadvantage. The importance of Private Limited Companies in Sri Lankan economy over the last 15 years has been tremendous. The opening up of Sri Lankan economy has led to free inflow of investments along with modern cutting edge technology, which increased the importance of Private Limited Companies in Sri Lankan economy considerably. Previously, the Sri Lankan market was ruled by the government enterprises but the scene in Sri Lankan market changed as soon as the markets were opened for investments. This saw the rise of the Sri Lankan private sector companies, which prioritized customer’s need and speedy service. Most of the pioneering businesses in today’s Sri Lankan business world are categorized as Private Limited Companies. Some of the best examples are Richard Pieris Company PLC; (One of the largest and most successful diversified business conglomerate), Abans Group – Abans Private Limited; (Represent world famous brands of household items), Singer (Sri Lanka) PLC; (Household durable company), ODEL (PVT) LTD; (Sri Lanka’s foremost fashion gallery). Private Limited Companies are often considered the Sri Lanka’s version of limited liability companies. This may be because; for many years, forming businesses with the family and friends has been a custom of Sri Lankans. There are many examples such as Perera and Sons (PVT) LTD; (One of Sri Lanka’s foremost baker and caterer), H. Don Carolis Sons (PVT) LTD; (Manufacturers of fine hand crafted wooden furniture), Ebert Silva Touring Co. Ltd; (pioneering Company in the travel and tourism industry) . These are consider as successful family businesses and categorized under Private Limited Company type businesses. To promote private sector domestic investments, the Sri Lanka government has recently brought the bank interest rates down from 20 percent to around 10 percent for borrowings. Public Limited Companies A public limited company (legally abbreviated to plc with or without full stops) is a type of limited liability Company incorporated under the laws of England in certain Commonwealth countries and it is permitted to offer its shares to the public. This means that Shares in a public limited company, can be traded on the Stock Exchange and can be bought by members of the general public. The Capital needed to start a Public Limited Company could come from two different sources; part of the money comes from a loan from the bank, and the rest comes from shares sold to the public, via the stock market. The liability of the shareholders to creditors of the company is limited to the capital originally invested; that is to the nominal value of the shares and any premium paid in return for the issue of the shares by the company. A shareholder’s personal assets are thereby protected in the event of the company’s insolvency, but money invested in the company will be lost. The dividend is paid out using the profits from a PLC. The profit of the public limited company is divided into percentages and is paid out to shareholders. There are many advantages of operating the business as a Public Limited Company, and of registering the company on the stock exchange. For example, equity capital obtained from an initial public offering is considered a permanent form of capital since there is no interest to be paid on the equity, and it is not repayable like debt. Funds generated by a public offering are, therefore, considered a relatively safe form of capital for a business and this can be pointed out as the main advantage of the Public Limited Company type. Going public can also allow a company the freedom and flexibility to spend capital, as it needs to finance its growth and further development, providing a solid financial base on which to build. This will be a vital motivate point for anyone who think to start a new business as Public Limited Company. Many companies use stock and stock option plans as an incentive to attract and retain talented employees. It is increasingly common to recruit and compensate executives with a combination of salary and stock. Stock can be instrumental in attracting and keeping key personnel. Public companies are more likely to receive the attention of major newspapers, magazines and periodicals. The proper use of press releases, interviews or news stories can increase investor awareness, shareholder value, and demand for the stock, sales and revenue. Once a company becomes public it has to disclose so much information to public on regular intervals. This includes share holding pattern, quarterly and annual financial statements, profiles of directors etc. So it can be pointed out as one of the disadvantage of Public Limited Company. In a Public Limited Company decisions take time is too long and it also can be a disadvantage. This is because implementation of any key decision is subjected to the approval by the board of directors elected by share holders. Shareholders in public companies expect a steady stream of income from dividends, which might mean that the business has to concentrate on short term objectives of creating a profit and this may be a vital disadvantage because it might be better to work on longer term objectives, such as growth and investment. The most significant disadvantage Public Limited Company has is the threat of takeover. This is because they are traded publicly and another company can buy up a large number of shares and they can then persuade other shareholders to join with them to vote in a new management team. The Sri Lankan stock market has become quite vibrant and booming, particularly as a result of the end of the war, and this was a vivid point for growth of Public Limited Companies. New companies made their public offerings and were oversubscribed during the first day itself. There is considerable demand for company shares in the market and we can see many giants companies have turned into Public Limited Companies. These companies represent banking, finance, insurance, healthcare, telecommunication, food, beverage and so many other sectors. Most important examples are; Commercial Bank of Ceylon Ltd; (Adjudged as the best bank in Sri Lanka), Janashakthi Insurance; (3rd largest general insurance company in Sri Lanka), Sri Lanka Telecom Ltd; (The premier telecommunication service provider in Sri Lanka), Cargills (Ceylon) Ltd; (Sri lanka’s largest food network) and Nawaloka Hospitals Ltd; (Asia’s largest and most trusted healthcare hospital). The end of the war has put Sri Lanka on the radar of global companies as a country with attractive investment proposition opportunities. As the issuances of shares by resident companies to foreign investors are permitted in terms of a general permission, many resident companies have issued their shares to foreign investors. They include; Lanka IOC; (75% of shares owned by Indian Oil Corporation) and Millenium IT; (Shares were bought by London Stock Exchange). General Partnerships A General Partnership is the most simplistic type of legal structure designed for the situation in which two or more people are collaborating in some type of business activity. The entities involved in a partnership can be individuals, corporations, or trusts. General partnerships are usually started with good friends or family. Starting up a new business is a huge risk and gigantic leap of faith. People who open up general partnerships need to trust each other and work well together. Even if the business does not need a lot of assets to start or operate, still it needs a lot of money to open up a business. General partnerships allow more than one individual to carry the financial burden. This is ideal and makes a business much easier to open. By default, the profits and losses generated by a General Partnership are shared equally among its partners. However, typically a partnership agreement is created to further define the rights, responsibilities, and duties of each partner, as well as the terms of perpetuity if one of the partners withdrawals from the partnership. Financial responsibility is shared equally among the partners, with each partner jointly and severally liable for all business debts and obligations which means that the partners are jointly liable for any and all legal claims against any of the partners. The taxation of a General Partnership is calculated at the individual level. General partnerships can be less expensive to form with a limited start up cost and it has a shared financial commitment, which can be consider as main advantages of this business type. Also it requires less paperwork and formalities which encourage people to form their businesses as general partnerships. General partnerships can thrive when each partner brings a specific strength to the business. If each partner takes on a defined role and there is general agreement on the business plan, goals, and visions from the outset, a partnership can be advantageous. Work can get done more quickly, and having several partners involved will increase the potential of acquiring resources and attracting backers. In the end, the success of such an endeavor depends largely on the personalities of the parties involved. General partnerships offer members the advantages of shared risk and total control over the transactions of the business. One of the most significant benefits of a General Partnership is simplified tax filing, since no corporate forms or double taxation is required. As a pass-through tax entity, this form of business pays no direct tax instead its individual owners carry the tax burden However, the wide array of disadvantages of a General Partnership is what makes it arguably one of the worst organizational business structures available. Because of the lack of corporate structure, a General Partnership does not establish any kind of separate business entity from the partners. This means that the partners are totally unprotected from any litigation against the business, and their personal assets can be seized at any time to cover the unmet obligations of the business. Even worse, each partner is liable for the actions of the others on behalf of the business. So if one of the partners was to execute an agreement without the knowledge of the others, each partner would become equally obligated to the terms of that agreement. The same is true for credit obligations. If any of the partners secure credit on behalf of the business, each partner would become equally obligated to the terms of that debt. In addition, without a Partnership Agreement, there is no guarantee of perpetuity for a General Partnership if one of the partners dies, becomes disabled, or withdrawals from the business. For these and other reasons, general partnership agreements should be drawn up carefully with legal counsel, and signed by all partners. Additionally, there should be a means in place of dissolving the partnership in the case of death, disability, or if one partner should want out of the business for any other reason, personal or professional. Sri Lanka, as a country with low individual income, general partnership would be an idle business type because it gives you pool of resources and financial encouragement to start a new business. Since family businesses are very famous in Sri Lanka, anyone can get together with his family and friends to form the business. Since each partner has a vital contribution to the business, skills and abilities of them will guide the business to success. There are several businesses in Sri Lanka, engaged in all types of sectors such as; grocery, pharmacy, restaurant, book shop and laundry; which can be categorized into general partnership business type. Sri Lankan government has identified the importance of general partnership businesses, in terms of their contribution to the country’s development. So the government is encouraging this business community, to develop their businesses, by providing necessary financial aids, resources, equipment and guidance. How to cite Legal Forms of Business in Sri Lanka, Papers

Strategic Management of Samsung Electronics

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management of Samsung Electronics. Answer: Introduction The managing of value chain indicates the procedure of managing the connected group of activities that generates value by producing commodities as well as services. The major purpose of employing value chain management in a trade is to incorporate communication as well as augment cooperation among members of production chain in order to diminish delivery times. Mobile telephony technology has reallocated through current decades from a plethora of nation-based technologies commercialized by perpendicularly incorporated firms to a few worldwide standards sustained by globe-spanning supply chain (Mudambi and Puck 2016). The report provides a brief overview regarding value chain analysis that describes a procedure where a firm distinguishes its primary and support actions that puts value to its completed commodity. Value chain analysis is a procedure with the help of which a firm recognizes its primary activities that in adds value to its final commodities. It also represents the interior activities in which a firm gets engaged while transforming inputs into outputs. It is also regarded as a strategy tool that helps to analyze internal firm activities. It deals with the general information about the characteristics features of the mobile telephony industry as well as about Apple, Samsung and LG. it shows that how a firm competes with the help of differentiation strategy that will help to perform activities as compared to its competitors. If the companies compete with the cost advantage, they will try to perform internal behavior at lower cost as compared to their customers (Soosay, Fearne and Dent 2012). Background company differentiation Mobile telephony indicates the prerequisite of telephone services to phones that may change around liberally rather than stay constant. Mostly terrestrial cellular network of base station are connected with the help of mobile phones. On the other hand, satellite phones connect to orbiting satellites. This industry comprises of new products that are designed and launched in such a way that they are packaged optimally as well as priced gainfully. In this highly expanding industry, there is always a requirement of high technological skills. Mobile telephony had transformed the method in which customers and trades operate in developing markets. As a result, mobile services have become the worldwide providers of communication services. Availability of mobile services also creates several economic advantages to the economy of the country. The supply side of the economy is affected positively by the mobile telephony industry. The positive impacts of basic mobile voice as well as text servic es on development and productivity are accomplished with the help of mobile telephony markets. With the advancement of the mobile telephony industry, there has been increase in 3G penetration (Kirui et al. 2013). Apple Inc. is an international corporation that generates electronics, personal computers as well as computer software and is considered as the digital distributor of media content. The first version of iPhone became obtainable in the year 2007 in few selected countries and markets. On the other hand, in the year 2008, iPhone 3G became obtainable to general individuals. The history of iPhone started with a request from Steve Jobs, the inventor of Apple. He asked the engineers to examine the use of touch screen devices as well as tablet computers (Palan 2016). Samsung is a multinational business company in South Korea that is headquartered in Samsung Town of Seoul. The organization comprises of several subsidiaries as well as united trades, most of which are united under Samsung brand. The history of Samsung mobile phones stretches back to over 10 years. In the year 1993, Samsung developed the lightest mobile phone. Towards the end of 20th century, the organization developed Smartphone that was combined with MP3 players. As a result, Samsung has made stable expansion in the mobile telephony industry (Hsu 2014). The abbreviation of LG brand indicates Lucky Goldstar that is a group of enterprise, which originated from South Korea. In the year 1947, the history of LG commenced when Lucky Chemical Industry that was one of the first Korean chemical company was established. In the year 1958, the company expanded its industry to manufacture home appliances. The company started the manufacture of mobile phones in the year 2000. Initially, the mobile phone company did not receive a good response. However, in the year 2002, LG mobile company proclaimed the debut of the very first WCDMA technology that led to the expansion of the LG mobile phones (Arora, Kalro and Sharma 2015). Key Strategic Differences The major strategic differences that have the impacted the relative success of Apple Inc. is as follows: Rethink the requirement for advertising: In order to increase sales revenue, the company had always made a huge investment on PPC ads with Google or Facebook. There are mostly two diverse strategies, on which Apple completely relies. The first strategy deals with product placement as well as the buzz generated positive reviews in the media (Ward and Peppard 2016). Avoidance of Price wars by highlighting unique value proposition: According to the organization, competing with prices leads to loss in business. Apple mostly focuses on unique value proposition that acts as a beautiful design that works right outside the box with ever-smaller packaging. According to the organization, contending on price leads to a race to the bottom. Keeping marketing and products simple: It is acknowledged by Apple that technology customers often get plagued. As a result, Apple diminishes confusion of the customers by making their web and sales copy simple. In other words, the organization completely avoids jargon or industrial terms. As a result, Apple makes use of simple and direct words and they frequently stress the advantages that customers completely require and will be delighted by (Heracleous 2013). Knowing the Audience and speaking to them in their language: Apple has a very good understanding about their customers. As a result, their customers do not find words that comprise megabytes and gigabytes. They find words that they know as well as understand. There are several key tactical differences that have the impacted the relative success of Samsung. The company revolves and manufactures quickly as they comes out with several devices. The company views the response of the market as well as pushes success and kills failure. Rather than supplying a cheaper iPhone, Samsung differentiates its products with larger screen as well as differentiated characteristics. The company makes use of different chips and displays as compared to Apple. It is more than just a Smartphone maker is as it is considered as a conglomerate. Samsung makes the use of skimming price in order to gain upper hand among its competitors (Hasan 2015). LG makes use of fast innovation strategy as a competitive advantage. LG has the motive to let their customers have a richer, better and easier life. The company made the use of Smart Technology that enables customers to perform things more easily. Most of the individuals expect to have advanced technologies in their LG mobiles. LG also depends on Research and Development capabilities as well as product innovation in order to collaborate with global engineers from IBM (Thompson et al. 2013). Value Chain Analysis Value Chain Analysis of Apple: One of the analytical frameworks that assist in recognizing trade activities generates value as well as competitive advantage to the business. Inbound Logistics: Apple works with hundreds of suppliers all over the world as well as upholds an extremely complicated supply-chain management. Purchase commitments of Apple normally cover its necessities for periods up to 150 days. The CEO of Apple, Tim Cook, is popular for his strategies of receiving suppliers to contend with each other (Gereffi 2013). Operation: More than 93,000 full-time equivalent workers conduct the operation of Apple along with 4,400 full-time equivalent temporary workers. Apple manufactures most of the products by outsourcing partners that are located mostly in Asia. A small number of outsourcing partners presently performs a noteworthy concentration of this manufacturing. Outbound Logistics: The net sales of Apple with the help of direct and indirect distribution channels accounted for 72 percent of the total sales. Apple endeavors to reduce the volume of its inventory due to consideration of cost (Bergvall-Kreborn and Howcroft 2013). Marketing and Sales: Apple sells most of its mobile phones with the help of four channels of distribution. The advertising budget of Apple is almost USD 1.1 billion that is invested for exploitation of marketing communication mix. This in turn incorporates advertising, events as well as direct selling. The company had also increased its focus on enterprise sales during the last few years. Service: Apple is popular for its outstanding quality of customer service that it provides the individuals. The experience of Apple around the globe makes use of its product to make them more convinced about the quality (Kassoff 2014). Value Proposition: The value proposition of Apple is to avoid unwanted advertisements as well as to brand itself. It has also made its phone more secure and more faster. Supply Chain Analysis: The major aspect of the supply chain analysis of Apple is to make the use of multiple suppliers for the similar component. It also examines the role of boards and directors that plays an imperative role to enhance the supply chain analysis of the Company. Enterprise Value: The valuation metric alternative to reflection of conventional market is termed as enterprise value. Month Enterprise Value of Apple August 2016 535.00B September 2016 620.00B October 2016 625.00B November 2016 621.00B December 2016 615.00B January 2017 654.37B Value Chain Analysis of Samsung: Inbound Logistics: Most of the suppliers of Samsung are based in Asia that is followed by America and Europe. Samsung has a number of logistics firms in order to control inbound logistics aspect of the trade. As a result, Samsung electronics is recognized as an integrated enterprise logistics management agent. Samsung uses logistics in a very exclusive way in order to cover most of the administrative procedures. It is used in a more complicated procedure as compared to a general value chain model (Jung 2014). Operation: The Company is known to maintain global operation hubs that include subsidiaries, research centers as well as design centers. The manufacturing operation of Samsung comprises of general manufacturing such as semiconductors as well as system manufacturing such as application and software. The manufacturing operation of Samsung has been mostly localized to South Korea as well as Seoul. The scheduling and inventory control are ensured with the help of logistics. Due to abroad shipping as well as unpredictable delays, this potentiality becomes less streamlined that can in turn reduce value. A probable solution to this problem would be to reposition the operation of AuthenTec closer to that of the facilities of Samsung. This will in turn lead to considerable labor cost with the movement. Samsung would require to conclude if the reimbursement period for value they put on in their operations counterbalance the costs rapidly enough to be worth making the move (Caplan, Dutta and La wson 2013). Outbound Logistics: Samsung is a concentrated company that handles an extensive range of trade support function as well as logistics. The company had demonstrated to be remarkably rapid in launching its individual commodities to contend with Apple. Effectual outbound logistics system plays an imperative role in the case of Samsung in terms of being able to convey updates. The attainment of AuthenTec will not have an impact on the outbound logistics procedures. Marketing and Sales: It is considered as the major activity that is aimed to channel the attention of the target customer segment. The budget of the company is mostly spent on media advertisement s well as public related programs. Sales promotion has been adapted by Samsung as one of the core elements of its marketing techniques. Each key market of Samsung has a DMC sales as well as marketing subsidiary that works with partner sales organization. Service: The Company endeavors to deliver the customer services of the budget standards. It provides minimal training that is required by the workers as they already have workers since before attainment (Lee, Kim and Park 2015). Value Proposition: The value proposition of Samsung is focus on the brand, whether it is a corporate brand that they supply or it is a product brand. Supply Chain Analysis: With a huge push in the technology to roll out improvements, the Company had increased its sale by involving rush in manufacture as well as innovation. Enterprise Value: The present enterprise value of Samsung is a total of $157,824 Mil. The EV/Revenue ratio of Samsung is 0.91. Value Chain Analysis of LG: Inbound Logistics: A lot of effort has been put by LG in order to increase their efficiency of supply chain management. The activities that come under inbound logistics for LG are warehousing, material building as well as inventory control. LG has made all of its operation technologically enhanced in order to improve its inbound logistics. Operation: The operation under the company mostly includes all the activities that are accountable for converting the inbound raw materials to the finished product. LG has been putting its best effort to increase its operational efficiency in their present production. The key operational benefit is that LG have their own production units. This in turn makes LG different from its competitors (Creveling, Hambleton and McCarthy 2014). Outbound Logistics: The company had established a good dealer network and it also have rationalized its packaging by packing as compact as possible. This in turn creates an appeal for the customers as they find the mobile phones to very effective. Service: There are several exclusive showrooms as well as service centers where LG mobiles are sold. The company had always put emphasis on the satisfaction of the customers. They leads to customer satisfaction with their products by making the use of effective design innovative strategies. The industrial design of LG integrates a balance between creation of concept as well as lifestyle. This is mainly to prominently feature the dreams and desires of the customers and lead to overall value innovation procedure (Lim, Tuli and Grewal 2016). Supply Chain Analysis: LG mostly focus on customer satisfaction to increase its sales. The extremely has close association with its suppliers and it involves the supply technically successful products. Enterprise Value: The enterprise value of Lucky Goldstar is a total of US$143 billion. Value Proposition: The value proposition of LG is to provide a mobile phone that will support both portrait and landscape design as well as diminish cost of energy. Summary Analysis It can be concluded that in order to deliver individual competitive advantage, Apple made the use of vertical integration where it acquired NeXtstep. With the help of this, Apple accomplished multi-tasking operating system. It also made partnership with Intel with the help of which it reaped rewards not just for profits but also to deliver the goods. Intel reduced its transition period as expected that made the products of Apple are delivered before the due date. The company is among the top ten major mobile companies in the world. It is riding on its philosophy that deals with helping individuals as well as connecting thousands of customers the company has globally. On the other hand, Samsung respects the choice of its customers and as a result, they are able to efficiently sustain product lines. Samsung also establishes geographically discrete base of direct dealers as well as indirect channel partners. The company also strives to acknowledge what customers desire ahead of its competitors. The engineers who are associated with the company develop original as well as innovative products that will be able to meet the requirements of the individuals. This in turn leads to competitive advantages. The company also makes investment in research and development so as to meet their commitment related to leading technology consistency. The major root of competitive advantage for LG is technical resources as LG mostly depends on research and development capabilities. It also introduces its product with the help of contemporary communication tools such as radio and internet as well as television. It also keeps hold of its customers by providing them with long-term warranties. Its innovative technologies lead to competitive advantages that create harmony among individuals. References ABC News. (2017).'It's not worth the habit': Tobacco tax increase will cut smoking rates. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-03/tobacco-tax-increase-will-cut-smoking-rate/7380748 [Accessed 9 Jan. 2017]. Arora, S., Kalro, A.D. and Sharma, D., 2015. A comprehensive framework of brand name classification.Journal of Brand Management,22(2), pp.79-116. Bergvall-Kreborn, B. and Howcroft, D., 2013, December. The Apple business model: Crowdsourcing mobile applications. InAccounting Forum(Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 280-289). 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