International Business Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Universal Business Operations - Essay Example ccording to the Wall Street Journal (2012), the expanding work costs in China have impacted a decline in piece of the overall industry and furthermore rising rivalry from nations that have understood the potential that lies in assembling. Other than this, China’s work giving populace additionally does not have the essential abilities required in the expanded creation advertise, consequently pushing manufacturer’s to look for administrations from different nations. It is additionally hard for remote manufacturer’s to set up base in China since state-claimed organizations are the most predominant. The other angle is probably going to put China out of the assembling industry is the way that an ever increasing number of nations are hoping to set up their own assembling organizations inside themselves as a method of eliminating creation costs. The delivery costs identified with the exportation of crude materials that exporter’s haveto acquire is one of the key angles that nations have tried to supersede by neglecting to give China the assembling work. In my view, the majority of the opposition that China is confronting will in general be from Vietnam, Indonesia, and Bangladesh, which have taken up a large portion of China’s showcase fares to the US for attire (McCann 2011). Generally, the exchanging condition gave in different countries, for example, Vietnam have made America to move their assembling enthusiasm from China as a result of the organized commerce understandings gave by the last mentioned. In such manner, Vietnam has become the best gainer in light of the fact that the vast majority of the US speculators, for example, Nike have made their built up their assembling base in view of the anticipated money saving advantages that would come because of not working in China. Along these lines, Vietnam is the best contender to China as they have additionally pulled in speculators in the hardware segment, which was China’s fortress to organizations, for example, Samsung and Nokia. Then again, China is additionally missing out its piece of the overall industry in the assembling of cars to Mexico due to the serious work costs

Normandy Essay example -- essays research papers fc

The clash of Normandy was the significant defining moment in the Second World War. It was a very much arranged out assault of the Allies on western France against the Germans. Numerous individuals know a little about the day, yet not many think about the long arranging, system, and results for the two sides. Toward the finish of November, Roosevelt and Churchill traveled to Tehran for their first gathering with Stalin. The president and the Prime Minister had just endorsed, under the code name Overlord, an arrangement for a cross-channel assault. Roosevelt wholeheartedly preferred executing Overlord as right off the bat in 1944 as the climate allowed. Boss Meteorologist for Eisenhower stated, â€Å"By the time the meeting was because of start we were unable to hope to have a total arrangement of surface level and upper air outlines yet a bunch of reports from a couple of basic regions west and south-west of Ireland, if reliable among themselves, would choose the issue-the startling issue whether Overlord would be certainly delayed for in any event 24 hours or go unavoidably forward to the ambush on the shores of France at sunrise next mourning†(Stagg 100-101). At Tehran, Churchill contended for offering need to Italy and conceivable new offensives in the Balkans or southern France , however he was outvoted by Roosevelt and Stalin. Overlord was set for May 1944. After the gathering, the CCS reviewed Eisenhower from the Mediterranean and provided him order of the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Forces (SHAEF), which was to sort out and convey o...

How to Build an Online Course that Sells

How to Build an Online Course that Sells E-learning today comprises a specific constellation of business, technology and educational elements which result in a reduced entry barrier for entrepreneurship in the industry. Everyone can undertake to create and to sell online courses. However, this does not mean that all who try will succeed in making a profit from such endeavors. © Shutterstock.com | TashatuvangoIn order to boost your chances, in this article, we will address key elements of successful online courses and discuss their profitability in sections 1) Online Courses and Statistics of Profitability; 2) Preparation Creation of Online Courses; 3) Key Elements of Making Online Courses Which Will Sell; 4) Platforms for Online Course Launching; 5) Selling Strategy.ONLINE COURSES AND STATISTICS OF PROFITABILITYBecause of the fact that one of the key elements of e-learning is accessibility of knowledge acquirement regardless of location we can trace the roots of it all the way back to the correspondence learning courses of the late 19th century. However, the modern understanding of the industry is based on the technology development and has emerged in reference to the rise of the internet in the 1990s. In the following decades more than 6 billion dollars of venture capital were invested in massive open online courses (MOOCs) and with the all-encompassin g integration of internet into spheres of human life, online courses became a fertile ground for entrepreneurship â€" corporal, institutional and individual.The emergence of e-commerce made it increasingly accessible to upgrade existing knowledge and skills as well as create and develop new ones from the comfort of one’s home or office. The cost is within reasonable and affordable parameters. An increasing number of institutions validate certificates from online courses and even when they do not, they are a desirable attachment to one’s resume. For these reasons, along with those related to self- accomplishment and satisfaction that spurs from growth, more and more people are craving for learning online and are willing to pay a certain price for it.In order to create an online course that will be profitable, one must evaluate inclinations towards and necessities of knowledge in different niches. Due to the rule and constant changes of technology (information era) and business (c apitalism), each of this industries separately as well as in correlation serve as one of the most profitable niches in which people all over the world wish to enhance. Even more so if corporate training spheres are taken into account because large amounts of such endeavours are done through online courses.The incorporation of eastern philosophy and medicine in the western civilization for the past century has caused widespread interest in the fields of religion, spirituality and alternative medicine.However, the practical truth is that all niches have potential customers when referring to online courses â€" as long as a topic is well defined, presents relevant information and/or provides an opportunity to upgrade existing knowledge at a lower cost than ‘in real life’ (this applies not only to financial but also temporal and spatial as well as qualitative dimensions).Statistics of Online CoursesThe statistics enlisted below are more oriented on business and educational spheres du e to lack of statistical data on individual entrepreneurship in e-learning. The industry is still in the formation, and individual entrepreneurial approaches have been developing in greater amounts only in the past few years. However, these statistics show a positive trend towards industry growth in all directions.The e-learning industry has increased revenue from around 35.6 billion dollars in 2011 to 56.2 billion dollars in 2014 from corporate training. It is estimated that, in the course of this year, these figures are going to double.Business world is becoming more and more oriented towards online courses as a training and education strategy for their employees â€" over 40% of Fortune 500 companies use some form of it. From mere 4% of American corporations that used e-learning as a training strategy, in 2011 they amounted to stunning 77%. E-learning decreases costs of training and education by 50% and their duration by 60% in reference to traditional instruction methods. Moreove r, recent reports by IBM show that educational technology tools tend to enhance productivity of employees by 50% (it is estimated that for every dollar spent for training, corporations earn 30$ worth of productivity). Further on, 72% of companies included in a recent survey stated that e-learning represents the most constructive strategy of keeping up with changes in industries and maintaining strong competitive advantages which results in greater ability to acclimatize to the market and their customers (increase of around 34%).46% of college students reports to attending at least one course online and with the flourishing of sites like Coursera, more and more people of all ages, statuses and professions enroll into such education-based models.Elite instructors of online courses generate revenue from six to seven figures monthly.Online courses are increasingly present all over the world: Asia (17.3% annual growth rate), Africa (15.4 % annual growth rate), Middle East (8.2% annual gr owth rate) and Western Europe (5.8% annual growth rate).PREPARATION CREATION OF ONLINE COURSESCourses According to your ExpertiseIf you are thinking of founding an online course based enterprise, you have to be a connoisseur in a field. You cannot expect to generate profit by giving nothing in return. Quality is the imperative. Even if someone decides to give you the benefit of a doubt and pay for your course, lack of satisfaction will quickly result in collapse of your endeavors (word of mouth works extremely fast, and online, it reaches the speed of light).If you have the necessary knowledge and passion that lights its fire, you stand a good chance of building a profession you will truly find content and profit in.Examination of Target Audience and Profitability of a Potential CourseThe second pillar of your future successful enterprise is the consumers. You must determine which areas and what levels of your expertise have value for them. In order to do so, you must choose a targ et audience for your course. Gamers will not be a good target audience for an online course on expert sewing techniques, but online communities of senior citizens or fashion design students might be.Create and use channels such as social media, websites or blogs and interact with your visitors in order to get feedback on their interest spheres regarding the knowledge or skills you have and are willing to share.For example, a connoisseur of incense sticks and essence oil manufacturer posts a blog on how to make one’s incense sticks. The comments show that there is a wide interest in the subjects and frequent questions regarding the process. The blogger is now aware that the preparation of incense sticks is something that spurs interest among his visitors and is something they would like to know more about.It is not an easy task to form a circle of visitors in correspondence with your niche, however, once built; they can be a source of future retentive customers.Once you have discus sed the appeal of the topic on your channels, evaluate the potential profitability of your course by browsing for similar already existing ones. If there is some number of kindred courses that charge a participation fee, substantial interest has already been determined for your niche of expertise and, consequently, you can take it as a marker of good potential profitability. Even if there are not any similar courses and you have strong faith in the usefulness of your service, proceed with your idea â€" entrepreneurs are risk takers!Precise Steps for Preparing the CourseDefine objectives of the courseDecide what is the strategic goal of your course and specify the perspective from which you will be approaching it.For example, your goal is to acquire a satisfied audience ready for continued collaboration in a certain period of time. If you are an expert in above-mentioned sewing techniques, you might want to start with a particular sewing fabric or a specific design bearing in mind th at it can become a series of courses (for different fabrics or designs).Design Structure the courseDesign your course to be interesting and stimulating. Structure it so as to provide the clear vision of its constructiveness and future implementation and use assignments and quizzes so as to evaluate your students. Keep in mind that teaching is a two way street.Create a learning environmentA learning environment is best achieved by combining collaborative sessions with instructors (for example, use video conferencing) and self-paced learning.Keep your program on trackKeep track of the progress your students are making and make sure to revise and clarify problematic areas.After the constructed course has finished, make sure to proceed with a follow-up to your participants so as to make sure skills and practices are continuously implemented.Importance of Cross-Handling Diverse ChannelsCross-handling of your channels will be decisive in longevity of your potential success as well as the amount of revenue you will be able to generate because it enables:Determination of courses that are needed by your target audience (as stated above)Personalization and Content MarketingDifferentiation among competition â€" becoming a brand through word of mouth, communication, personalized approach to visitors and followersSuccessful promotionAttracting and maintaining leads as well as increase of conversion ratesChannels to Cross-handleWebsiteBlogE-mailSocial Networks (Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook)Search EnginesPlatform where your Course is LaunchedKEY ELEMENTS OF MAKING ONLINE COURSES WHICH WILL SELLSpecified Courses are More ProfitableRather than making a detailed synthesis course of your field of expertise, concentrate on specific areas of your knowledge and skills as people are looking for usable courses that will be applicable in some ways after the course is finished. Over-generalization can seem like too much work and focusing at one point at the time can produce a qualitati ve building block of a comprehensive education in the future. You can structure your courses as a whole (if there is enough interest in the niche) but they must stand separately as self-sufficient units.Relevant informationUse every minute and every section of your course to serve the objective â€" that is, employ relevant, to-the-point information always. Involve and engage your students in the education so as to provide a sense of accomplishment which will produce satisfaction with your service and become a pathway of future collaboration.Integrate Helpful ToolsFrameworks‘How to’ tutorialsAdditional information sourcesReal life examples and case studiesSubtitles suited for international audienceSlideshows and interactive elements (multimedia, stories, images)Instruction ProcessMake sure you cover different learning capabilities by employing different learning tactics that will suit individual preferences and skills of your students, as well as the content and goal of the cours e. For example, employ targeted usage of these strategiesResearchApplied LearningLearning through CreativityCognitive CoachingGraphic ToolsTeaching for UnderstandingThinking SkillsCooperative LearningPLATFORMS FOR ONLINE COURSE LAUNCHINGOnce you have constructed a draft of your online course, you have to begin the realization process. Various platforms can be found online depending on your technical skills, financial capability as well as time and effort you are willing to give to your project. In this section, we will discuss elements of launching platforms and provide a brief list with key features noted.PricingSome platforms provide their services at no cost but with most of them this applicable only to courses which are posted without pricing (it can be beneficial for beginners in online course launching â€" a question we will address in the following section). On the other hand, there are numerous platforms, which require a monthly fee (they do usually have a free trial period) for their services regardless of pricing you set for your course. Lastly, some platforms charge a percentage on sales you make (with or without a monthly fee).FeaturesFeatures offered by platforms vary depending on marketing strategies they employ and audiences that are represented as well as production opportunities and whether they provide certificates that will be valuable on the employment market.Platform ListHere are some examples of platforms you can start your online course on:Moodle: basic production tools; open source platform;Academy of Mine: up-to-date production opportunities; content marketing strategies; 199$ monthly fee;Digital Chalk: production services; 399$ set up fee + 4.95$ for each new basic course;Udemy: sufficient production tools; free for free, 50% of your set price for each sale;MindFlash: some production features; targeted audience platform; starts at 149$ a month.SELLING STRATEGYIf you are new to the e-learning market, it would be advisable to try free p latforms or trial periods and offer your courses for free as part of a customer activation strategy. As more people go through your courses, your enterprise will become branded by word of mouth advertising. Perhaps you should then offer a special offer consisting of a lower price and advertise on the platform and your channels the final price that will be set after the period expires. Your audience will increase during these two stages and will be able to evaluate approximately if they find the value of the services you offer worth the total price that will be set. There are two ways in which you can generate revenues from your online courses:Charge Participation Fees: Depending on the policy of the platform you have chosen, charge a fee to participants (buyers) of your online course. Investigate pricing ranges of similar courses, estimate the value of the product you have created, deduct fees and/or percentages of sales you have to pass on to the platform and set a reasonable price . Offer discounts to retentive customers and special offers to your first-time students occasionally (but not continuously) because it will be appreciated and employ content marketing strategies for optimal placement on the e-learning market.Introduce additional products or services: Additionally, you can develop niche and course related appendixes, products and services that will be useful to your students and offer them. Be careful not to over-advertise because it will drive your consumers away. Make sure they know you can offer them something they might need at reasonable prices subtly through communication and interaction. Again, your channels and networks are your best chance of creating a positive and retentive circle of customers.Individually launched online courses are numerous. Differentiation is difficult, and some compromises must be made in order to enhance your chances of success. However, if you have an area of expertise, the will to invest time and unwind strategic re asoning with your unique spark of creativity and passion, you will produce quality. The modern consumers appreciate quality and usefulness almost as much as they are reluctant to pay and give time. The ratio is as positive as it gets, a 50-50 chance of success is a good starting point. If you manage to sustain quality and usefulness, these odds will grow in your favor. Consequently, you will sell and generate a profit while doing one of the most rewarding acts of humankind â€" sharing knowledge.

Hannah Wilke The Youngest Child Of Jewish Parents, Selma...

Hannah Wilke Hannah Randolph College of Saint Mary Abstract Hannah Wilke was born Arlene Hannah Butter in New York City on March 7, 1940. She was the youngest child of Jewish parents, Selma and Emanuel Butter. Hannah and her older sister Marsha, born Marsie Scharlatt, both attended public school in Queens, and in 1957, Hannah graduated from Great Neck High School. She then attended Stella Elkins Tyler School of Fine Art at Temple University in Philadelphia until 1962 when she graduated and received a Bachelor of Fine Arts as well as a teaching certificate. Shortly after graduating, Hannah began teaching at Plymouth-Whitemarsh High School in Pennsylvania from 1962 to 1965, and from 1965 to 1970, she taught at White Plains†¦show more content†¦One way she transformed the negative into positive was constructing her sculptures out of disposable objects, such as lint. Her work was also have said to recall minimalism because she would display this work, usually, in an organized and repetitive manner. At this time in Hannah’s life, s he was gaining a lot of momentum in the art world. Subsequently, her work was included in the â€Å"American Women Artists† exhibition in 1972 at the Kunsthaus in Berlin and the Documenta V in Kassel, West Germany (Scharlatt, M., Scharlatt, E., Scharlatt, D., Scharlatt, A.). Her notable art was praised by many feminist publication groups, and in 1974, she was invited to join the â€Å"Anonymous Was a Woman† exhibition as well as â€Å"Art: A Woman’s Sensibility† exhibition held by the Feminist Art Program at the California Institute of the Arts (Scharlatt, M., Scharlatt, E., Scharlatt, D., Scharlatt, A.). In the 1970s, Hannah began using her body as a canvas for performance pieces. She called this her â€Å"performalist self-portraits,† (Smith, 1993) and they were documented by either video or by photographs. These particular performances, according to Hannah â€Å"confront erotic stereotypes by calling attention to and making ironic the conventional gestures, poses, and attributes of the female body† (Hannah Wilke Collection, 2015). In 1974, Hannah began working on S.O.S. or Starification Object Series, a fifty self-portrait installation,

A Sample Analysis of Written Discourse - 2852 Words

A Sample Analysis of Written Discourse —through the analysis of larger patterns and cohesive ties For discourse analysis, we usually analyze two main categories of discourse, the spoken discourse and written discourse. When we analyze a piece of spoken discourse, we will exam the identify of the speaker, the purpose of the utterance, the perlocutionary effect of the utterance, and the context of the utterance. Elements like intonation, tone, and genre of the utterance also are included in the analysis. We can get a close look by the speaking mode presented by Dell Hymess SPEAKING model. The SPEAKING model is a method to analyze a piece of utterance, in which we, through the analysis of Setting and Scene, Participants, Ends (Purposes,†¦show more content†¦(6) First, one influence that has a major effect on childrens behavior is television. (7) Believe it or not, T.V. plays a big role in how kids act. (8) Shows like the Power Rangers and Beetleborgs can make boys violent and want to fight. (9) Girls are not so easily influenced by television as boys are。 (10) Although there are some girls that want to fight along with the boys, for the most part, girls do not like those types of shows. Sentence 6 serves as the topic sentence of this paragraph. Sentence 7 is a furtherance of the idea of sentence 6. Sentence 8 presented specific TV programs to illustrate the idea. Sentence 9 rounds up the paragraph. Sentence 10, the last sentence of this paragraph, provides exception to the idea presented. The second pattern, Claim-Counter-claim, is often found in texts where there is an element of controversy. This pattern can also be organized in two ways. Figure 2 Claim-Counter-claim pattern This pattern is usually employed to solve controversy. First the writer establish his ideas by presenting a claim, then present a counter-claim, by the counter-argumentation of the counter-claim, justifies the claim. The third pattern, problem-solution pattern, is extremely common in text. Hoey analyzes such texts in great details. The pattern can be shown by the following figure. Figure 3 The situation presents questions like: where does the story takeShow MoreRelatedThe Limitations Of Corpus Linguistics967 Words   |  4 Pagessection presents a brief account of the criticisms directed against applying a corpus approach. It should be mentioned that this is the case with every research approach and this is not to undervalue the advantages of applying corpus tools in a discourse study. Broadly speaking, corpus approach limitations seem to lie in certain issues related to representative-ness, relation to context, and language description. An important consideration in conducting a corpus approach is to work with repre-sentativeRead MoreUnderstanding The Patient Discharge Instructions Essay1589 Words   |  7 Pagesactions. This paper will analyze the patient discharge instructions genre emphasizing that care does not stop at discharge, but follows a patient home. Although multiple health care settings utilize patient discharge instructions, the focus of this analysis is instructions provided to cardiovascular patients before discharging them home from a hospital setting. The main goal of the patient discharge instructions genre is to assist patients in reaching optimal health and wellbeing. Research identifiesRead MoreThe, The And, And The New York Times And Tehran1515 Words   |  7 Pagesconsidered the mental act or process of selecting particular topics as themes in discourse or words as themes in sentences. This paper examines thematization strategies in English opinion articles written by American and Iran ian journalists. To this end, two of the leading newspapers in the United States and Iran, The New York Times and Tehran Times, have been chosen. Based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of textual features and marked and unmarked themes of 12 opinion articles (6 fromRead MoreAnalysis Of Anne Beaufort s Words, A Better, Product1599 Words   |  7 Pagesto one discourse community. i.e. bad â€Å"products.† However, English 3010 is a course for upper-level students, and the emphasis is on conducting research by drawing from the sciences, social sciences, humanities, and professions in preparation for Writing Intensive courses in the majors and beyond. In relation to the course learning outcomes, the works I have done have been majorly about Discourse, discourse communities, genres, writing expertise, research questions, and collection and analysis of qualitativeRead MoreData Collection Method and Analysis Essay1318 Words   |  6 Pageson various variables over a lo ng time in a natural setting with an aim of acquiring insights not possible using other methods. It involves three different kinds of information collection: direct observation, in depth and open-ended interviews and written documents. Qualitative method involves use of random sampling and structured data collection instruments that fit different experiences. The method also enables the researcher to study the specific area of research into details thus making him orRead MoreGenre Analysis of Movie Review Essay3976 Words   |  16 Pagesmovie instead. Genre analysis is a system of analysis by which observations are made on the repeated communicative functions found in genres and on the linguistic features of these functions (Brett, 1994). Genre knowledge played an important role in helping novices understand how to produce academics, professional or educational discourse. Genre study can help to improve Chinese students’ movie review writing skills. This study was conducted using the framework of genre analysis to explore move structureRead MoreLanguage Produced By Typical Developing Children1178 Words   |  5 PagesThe purpose of this study is to examine written language produced by typical developing children in Grades 2 through 4. The researchers examined two common academic discourse genres, narrative and expository by analyzing, microstructure and macrostructure of student writing samples. Overall, the researchers are examining the progression of linguistic elements and expository writing development in school-age children’s narratives. Speech language pathologists have a duty to analyze and assess clientsRead MoreMethods of Data Analysis in Qualitative Research1580 Words   |  7 Pages15 Methods of Data Analysis in Qualitative Research Compiled by Donald Ratcliff 1. Typology - a classification system, taken from patterns, themes, or other kinds of groups of data. (Patton pp. 393,398) John Lofland Lyn Lofland Ideally, categories should be mutually exclusive and exhaustive if possible, often they aren t. Basically a list of categories. example: Lofland and Lofland s 1st edition list: acts, activities, meanings, participation, relationships, settings (in the third editionRead MoreWhat Is More Harm Than Good?1721 Words   |  7 Pagesfollowing: †¢ Does the construct of the language contained within these laws promote and protect the target group’s human rights? †¢ How do stereotypes, stigma, and moral dilemmas affect the ways that laws pertaining to sex work and anti-trafficking are written/framed/actualised? †¢ How can viewing human trafficking and modern slavery as a social problem, as opposed to a criminal or immigration problem impact the target group, the state and non-state actors? †¢ How does an anti-trafficking framework protectRead MoreRationale For Identified Target Population1504 Words   |  7 Pagesquality of lives of the citizens will find the strategic process information guideline extremely helpful and reduce the level of overwhelming frustration that accompanies lack of clearly delineated information. †¢ Method for determining appropriate sample size In this quasi-qualitative research study, we have selected ---- effective, model assisted living programs that have been identified by the State of Maryland as performing at superior levels of excellence, meeting federal and state regulatory

English Proficiency Free Essays

Yakushko, O. (2010). Clinical work with limited English proficiency clients: A phenomenological exploration. We will write a custom essay sample on English Proficiency or any similar topic only for you Order Now Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 41, 449-455. doi:10. 1037/a0020996 This research article focused on therapists’ perceptions of clinical and personal characteristics and contextual factors that may influence mental health service delivery to limited English proficiency (LEP) clients through interpreters. Particularly, this study attempted to understand these factors by exploring the lived experiences of clinicians who have worked with LEP individuals through translators. Analysis of the data collected provided two recurring themes that revolved around the personality and training of both therapist and interpreter. Based on the findings of this research, the author suggested consideration of clinical care for LEP clients, who may be inadvertently marginalised from effective psychotherapeutic intervention, would demonstrate a commitment to social justice. The study under review clearly meets the criteria for qualitative research for the purpose of understanding a complex issue in greater detail as suggested by Liamputtong (2009). Related essay: Causes of Failure in English Language Liamputtong (2009) remarked that an understanding of the components and contextual issues could only be achieved by having direct conversation with people who have lived the experience the researcher sought to investigate. The author states that the ‘phenomenological study sought to contribute to understanding these factors by examining the lived experiences of eight therapists skilled in working with LEP individuals through interpreters. † Clearly, one of the strengths of the use of the phenomenological structure is the acceptability of a small number of participants under investigation, which were eight in this case. Further, this methodological framework afforded the researcher to analyse the data thematically, which identified issues that centred on personality and training of both therapists and interpreters. One of the points, supported by evidences and clearly communicated to readers, is that similar to the characteristics central to describing a skilled therapist, the interpreter is not just a mere translator, but an active member of a psychotherapy team whose skill in multicultural issues, mental health training and therapeutic processes, and personality may affect the success f mental health services delivered to LEP individuals through an interpreter. The author though attempted to convince readers of reflexivity, by mentioning the attention given to the search for disconfirming evidence and negative case analysis, however no clarification of this effort was given in any part of the report. Nevertheless, peer debriefers were involved in the study to attend to issues of researcher subject ivity and biases, and researcher’s interpretation of data was also subjected to member checking. Further studies can employ the four kinds of triangulation, namely multiple method, theories, data or source, and researchers, as pointed out by Liamputtong (2009), to underpin the dependability of the findings of this study. Representative rigour was achieved through the appropriate use of purposive sampling technique, which identified participants who have lived experiences of work with LEP clients through interpreters. Particular attention was paid to selection criteria, to ensure that therapists, though with general clinical expertise, have between a fledgling and expert level experience working with LEP individuals. This would guarantee that consideration about the therapeutic process in working with LEP clients through translators were unconnected to being a beginner clinician. Other factors considered, such as level of professional training, language and culture of origin were also crucial in ensuring a fit between participant selection, methodology, theoretical framework and research purpose. In considering the study’s interpretative rigour, a broader understanding gained from the result of the findings lend credence to the result of a similar scholarly work conducted by Miller, Martel, Pazdirek, Caruth, and Lopez (2005) which highlighted the impact of the interpreter’s role in therapeutic alliance, the management of and challenges that may result from the triadic clinical relationship (of the therapist, interpreter and client), and training of both clinician and interpreter. Overall, this research achieved a measure of theoretical and methodological rigour by establishing a fit between the research purpose of exploring factors that contribute to delivering successful clinical care to LEP individuals from the clinicians’ perspective and the use of phenomenological approach to examine the embodied experiences of these clinicians in greater detail, through the use of semi-structured and open-ended interviews. References Liamputtong, P. (2009). Qualitative research methods (3rd ed. ). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Miller, K. , Martel, Z. , Pazdirek, L. , Caruth, M. , Lopez, D. (2005). The role of interpreters in psychotherapy with refugees: An exploratory study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75, 27-39. Yakushko, O. (2010). Clinical work with limited English proficiency clients: A phenomenological exploration. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 41, 449-455. doi:10. 1037/a0020996 How to cite English Proficiency, Essay examples

Theravada Buddhism Essays - Spirituality, Nondualism, Monism

Theravada Buddhism Throughout history there have been numerous religions and theologies that men and women have entrusted their lives and ways of living to. One of the most intriguing is that of Buddhism. The great Buddha referred to his way as the middle way, and he, as the "Enlightened One" began the teachings of the religion with his first five Ascetics who he shows his middle way. This great occasion is the start to what will be known as Theravadan Buddhism. Although Theravadan Buddhism would later be seen as the "small vehicle," it provides the first idea of the doctrine anatman or having no-self that shapes the ideas of every Buddhist today. Theravadan Buddhism which means "The teaching of the elders," is the teaching of the Buddha in its true traditional form. After attaining enlightenment under the Bohdi tree, the Buddha returns to five ascetic monks he had been associated with previously. He taught them the essential parts of Buddhism which include the vital Four Noble Truths. These teachings were taught by monks, and they give the fundamental truths on which the religion was founded. These are the Four Noble Truths: (1) all life is inevitably filled with sorrow; (2) sorrow is directly due to craving; (3) sorrow can only be stopped by stopping the craving; and (4) this can be done only by disciplined and moral conduct with meditation led by the Buddhist monk. These truths show that the Buddhists saw all things as transient, and being transient there is no eternal Self or soul, hence anatman or no true self. While the Theravadan Buddhist practiced the idea of anatman, there were other movements that practiced the idea of atman or true self. The Upanishadic movement, which started about 300 years before the Theravadan practice, revolves around a story of a boy who Yama tells there is a self in everyone. This true self or atman is covered up by the illusion of an individual. As this way of thinking was being taught, people began to uprise and question if religion is worth it. This leads to many ascetic movements in which people leave their homes to be scavengers. Because this could be done by any it began to get very popular. The many ascetic movements gave rise to many different individual movements, but the main one besides Buddhism was Jainism. Jainism was a movement that said in every thing there is a Jiva or soul which resembles the atman. Karma is the stuff or gunk that covers up the Jivas and makes things appear to be different. Even though a monk was the only one who could totally free Jivas, lay people could do good deeds and suffer willingly to dissipate karma from their atman. In this movement the final step for a monk to reach Nirvana was the starving to death of one's self. In a complete contrast to the teachings of the Jainic movement the Theravadan Buddhists saw there being no atman at all. Buddhists accepted the teaching of the doctrine of karma which causes all who have it to be reborn into a state of life according to the built up karma. The only way to stop this rebirth is to achieve Nirvana. The state of non-existence or annihilation. They also felt that when passing from one existence to another no permanent entity or atman transmigrated from body to body. The reason for there being no self is because self can not be found in the five basic aggregates or Skandhas. These being matter, feeling, perception, constructing activities, and consciousness were all made up of dharma or small atomic units. This seems to be contradictory because if there is no self then these dharma shouldn't be present because they would in a sense create a self, even if they just came in and left every second. The Theravadan Buddhists were very particular in what they practiced and what they worshipped. They were never found praising idols or human images, rather they took to praising the Bodhi trees, footprints, and stupas or burial mounds. Their worship centered around the continuous life and rebirth into one of the five levels of society. These were heavenly devas, humans, animals and plants, praeta, and hell beings. All of ones karma that he or she accumulates in their life determines the level they are reborn into. This is all tied into the seeing of existence as Dukka and the goal is to get out of Dukka into Nirvana. In almost a total contrast to the Theravadan way